diff --git a/manifest.json b/manifest.json
index 956de5a7..2c461c31 100644
--- a/manifest.json
+++ b/manifest.json
@@ -93,6 +93,10 @@
"title": "Install the Smallstep Agent",
"path": "/platform/smallstep-agent.mdx"
},
+ {
+ "title": "Credential Files",
+ "path": "/platform/credential-files.mdx"
+ },
{
"title": "Troubleshooting Guide",
"path": "/platform/troubleshooting-agent.mdx"
diff --git a/platform/credential-files.mdx b/platform/credential-files.mdx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70c7d2c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/platform/credential-files.mdx
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+---
+updated_at: October 23, 2026
+title: Credential Files
+html_title: Write Credential Files Where Applications Expect Them
+description: Configure where the Smallstep Agent writes a credential's key, certificate, and root CA, with per-file owners, modes, POSIX ACLs, and Windows access lists.
+---
+
+A managed credential can tell the Smallstep Agent where to write its private key, certificate, and root CA certificate, and who may read each one.
+Applications such as PostgreSQL, Elasticsearch, or SQL Server then read their credential directly, without a hook that copies files and fixes their permissions after every renewal.
+
+
+
+Credential files need Smallstep Agent 0.72.0 or later, and API version `2026-11-01`.
+Older agents don't apply most of these settings; update the agent before you use them.
+
+
+
+## How it works
+
+A credential's `files` object holds one block per platform: `linux`, `macos`, and `windows`.
+Each device receives only the block for its own operating system.
+Inside a block, the `key`, `certificate`, and `root` entries each take their own path and permissions.
+
+Every field is optional.
+A platform without a block, or a file without an entry, keeps the agent's default path and permissions.
+
+## PostgreSQL on Linux
+
+PostgreSQL refuses to start when its key is readable by anyone but its own account.
+This credential writes the key for `postgres` alone, the certificate chain readable to all, and the root CA readable to a `monitoring` group:
+
+```bash
+curl -X POST https://gateway.smallstep.com/api/credentials \
+ -H "Authorization: Bearer $SMALLSTEP_API_TOKEN" \
+ -H "X-Smallstep-Api-Version: 2026-11-01" \
+ -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+ -d @postgres-credential.json
+```
+
+```json
+{
+ "slug": "postgres-server",
+ "certificate": {
+ "type": "X509",
+ "authorityID": "3c2e1115-49b7-4657-9b0f-301d7111bc6e",
+ "duration": "24h0m0s",
+ "fields": { "commonName": { "static": "db.example.internal" } }
+ },
+ "key": { "type": "ECDSA_P256", "protection": "NONE", "store": "MACHINE" },
+ "policy": { "operatingSystem": ["Linux"] },
+ "files": {
+ "linux": {
+ "key": {
+ "path": "/var/lib/postgresql/16/main/server.key",
+ "format": "PKCS8",
+ "owner": "postgres", "group": "postgres", "mode": "0600"
+ },
+ "certificate": {
+ "path": "/var/lib/postgresql/16/main/server.crt",
+ "contents": "CHAIN",
+ "owner": "postgres", "group": "postgres", "mode": "0644"
+ },
+ "root": {
+ "path": "/var/lib/postgresql/16/main/root.crt",
+ "mode": "0640",
+ "acl": [{ "type": "GROUP", "name": "monitoring", "access": "r" }]
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+## A service account on Windows
+
+On Windows, each file takes an access list of principals instead of an owner and mode.
+This credential lets the `CORP\svc-sql` domain account read the key, and nobody else besides `SYSTEM` and the Administrators:
+
+```json
+{
+ "slug": "sql-server",
+ "certificate": { "type": "X509", "authorityID": "3c2e1115-49b7-4657-9b0f-301d7111bc6e", "fields": { "commonName": { "static": "sql.example.internal" } } },
+ "key": { "type": "ECDSA_P256", "protection": "NONE", "store": "MACHINE" },
+ "policy": { "operatingSystem": ["Windows"] },
+ "files": {
+ "windows": {
+ "key": {
+ "path": "D:\\certs\\sql\\server.key",
+ "acl": {
+ "inherit": false,
+ "entries": [{ "principal": "CORP\\svc-sql", "access": "READ" }]
+ }
+ },
+ "certificate": { "path": "D:\\certs\\sql\\server.crt" },
+ "root": { "path": "D:\\certs\\sql\\root.crt" }
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+A principal can be a local or domain account or group, a virtual service account such as `NT SERVICE\MSSQLSERVER`, a group managed service account such as `CORP\gmsa-sql$`, or a SID string such as `S-1-5-21-…`.
+
+By default, a Windows credential with a software key in the machine scope is also imported into the Windows key store and `LocalMachine\My`, next to its files.
+Set `"windowsStore": false` on the `key` to keep it to its files alone, for software that reads the files and shouldn't find the credential in the stores.
+It requires `"protection": "NONE"` and `"store": "MACHINE"`.
+
+## Field reference
+
+| Field | Applies to | Values | Default |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `path` | key, certificate, root | Absolute path in the platform's style | The agent's directory for the credential |
+| `format` | key | `DEFAULT`, `PKCS8`, `CLASSIC`, `TSS2` | `DEFAULT` |
+| `contents` | certificate | `CHAIN` (leaf and intermediates) or `LEAF` | `CHAIN` |
+| `owner`, `group` | Linux, macOS | A name or a numeric ID, as a string | The agent's user and group |
+| `mode` | Linux, macOS | Octal string, `"0000"` to `"0777"` | `"0640"`; `"0600"` for SSH user credentials |
+| `acl` | Linux, macOS | List of `{type: USER or GROUP, name, access}`, `access` a combination of `r`, `w`, `x` | No extra entries |
+| `acl.inherit` | Windows | `true` keeps the access the folder grants | `false` once `acl` is set |
+| `acl.entries` | Windows | List of `{principal, access}`, `access` one of `READ`, `MODIFY`, `FULL_CONTROL` | See [Windows defaults](#windows-defaults) |
+| `key.windowsStore` | Windows | `false` keeps the credential out of the Windows stores | `true` |
+
+The root CA is always written to its own file and never into the certificate file.
+SSH credentials take `key` and `certificate` only.
+
+## Rules
+
+The API refuses a credential that breaks these rules, with an error that names the field:
+
+- **A custom key path needs a software key.** `key.path` is accepted only with `"protection": "NONE"` and without `key.pubFile`. The agent writes the key there and nowhere else.
+- **Paths are absolute** in the platform's style (`/…` on Linux and macOS, `C:\…` or `\\server\share\…` on Windows), and distinct within a block.
+- **Settings stay on their platform.** `owner`, `group`, and `mode` can't appear under `windows`, and a Windows access list can't appear under `linux` or `macos`. A block for an operating system the credential's `policy.operatingSystem` excludes is refused.
+- **`SYSTEM` keeps full control on Windows.** An access list that gives `SYSTEM` (`NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM`, `S-1-5-18`) less than `FULL_CONTROL` is refused, and each principal can be listed once.
+
+The API doesn't check owners, groups, or principals: they exist only on the device.
+The agent reports a name it can't find when it writes the file.
+
+### Windows defaults
+
+- The key file always grants `SYSTEM` and `BUILTIN\Administrators` full control, with inheritance blocked; `acl.entries` add principals to that.
+ Listing the Administrators with `READ` or `MODIFY` lowers their access. They can't be removed.
+- The certificate and root files inherit their folder's permissions unless they have an `acl`. With one, `SYSTEM` gets full control in addition to the listed entries.
+- A virtual service account (`NT SERVICE\`) resolves only once its service is installed. Until then the agent reports the principal as not found and retries; the service's SID works before the service exists.
+- Domain names are resolved when the file is written, so the device needs to reach a domain controller.
+
+## How the agent writes files
+
+- **Atomically.** The agent writes each file to a temporary file in the same folder, with its permissions already applied, and renames it over the target. An app never reads a half-written file, and a failed write leaves the previous file in place.
+- **Key first.** The key is written before the certificate, and the certificate before the root. If the key can't be written, the other files aren't either, so a new certificate never sits next to an old key.
+- **Open files on Windows.** A file another program holds open without delete sharing can't be replaced. The agent retries for about two seconds, then reports the error and tries again later.
+- **No folders.** The agent never creates a folder for a custom path. Create it with the ownership and permissions your app expects.
+- **Old files stay.** When a path changes, the agent writes the new path and leaves the file at the old one, including an old key. Delete it yourself.
+- **No restart.** Writing the files doesn't restart the app. Use the workload's reload settings or hooks for that.
+
+If a file can't be written as configured, the agent reports it on the credential's status for that device, and on Windows in the event log.
+See [Credential files not written](./troubleshooting-agent.mdx#credential-files-not-written).
+
+## Compatibility
+
+- **API versions.** The per-platform `files` object is available in API version `2026-11-01` and later. Earlier versions keep the flat `files` object (`crtFile`, `keyFile`, `rootFile`, `uid`, `gid`, `mode`), which applies the same settings on every device; `2026-11-01` refuses it.
+ Earlier versions show a credential's per-platform settings in the flat shape when they can be expressed that way, and omit them otherwise. They refuse an update that would drop them.
+- **Workloads on `2023-11-01`.** A workload's `certificateInfo.files` takes the same per-platform blocks. It can't be combined with the flat fields, and a save without `files` that changes the flat fields is refused with `412`. Send `"files": {}` to go back to the flat fields.
+- **Agents.** Agents older than 0.72.0 apply the paths, the key format, and the key file's owner, group, mode, and ACL entries to all three files. They ignore everything else: per-file permissions, `contents`, Windows access lists, and `windowsStore`.
diff --git a/platform/troubleshooting-agent.mdx b/platform/troubleshooting-agent.mdx
index 0246d643..65764399 100644
--- a/platform/troubleshooting-agent.mdx
+++ b/platform/troubleshooting-agent.mdx
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
---
-updated_at: September 8, 2026
+updated_at: October 23, 2026
title: Troubleshooting Guide
html_title: Smallstep Troubleshooting Guide
description: Troubleshoot Smallstep Device Identity issues. Diagnose platform, MDM, and endpoint problems with step-by-step guidance.
@@ -543,6 +543,32 @@ If you ran `modutil -add` before exporting `P11_KIT_SERVER_ADDRESS` (see [PKCS#1
- **If a certificate exists**: The issue is between the Smallstep Agent and the client application. Check the client's certificate configuration. See [Platform-Specific Reference](#platform-specific-reference) for certificate locations.
- **If no certificate exists**: The resource may not be assigned to this device, or there may be an agent issue. Check the device's **Resources** tab and run `doctor`.
+#### Credential files not written
+
+**Symptoms:**
+- A credential with [custom files](./credential-files.mdx) shows an error or warning status on the device
+- An app can't find or read its key or certificate
+- Event ID 801 from `SmallstepAgent` in the Windows Application log
+
+**Troubleshooting steps:**
+1. Run `step-agent status` on the device. Under a credential that reported an error or warning, a `last report:` line gives the file, its path, and the reason.
+2. On Windows, read the agent's file events:
+ ```powershell
+ Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{ LogName = 'Application'; ProviderName = 'SmallstepAgent'; ID = 800, 801 }
+ ```
+ Event 801 (Error) carries `file` (`key`, `certificate`, or `root`), `path`, `fault`, `principal`, and `error`. Event 800 (Information) means the files were written as configured again.
+3. Fix the cause the `fault` names:
+
+ | `fault` | Cause | Fix |
+ | --- | --- | --- |
+ | `directory-missing` | The folder of a custom path doesn't exist. The agent never creates it. | Create the folder with the ownership and permissions the app expects. |
+ | `principal-not-found` | An owner, group, or Windows principal doesn't exist on the device. A domain account also fails while no domain controller is reachable. | Create the account, check its spelling, or use its numeric ID or SID. An `NT SERVICE\` account exists only once its service is installed. |
+ | `acl-unsupported` | The file system can't hold the configured ACL entries. | Move the file to a file system with ACL support, or remove the `acl` entries. |
+ | `write-failed` | Anything else, such as a file another program holds open on Windows, or no space left. | Read `error` for the reason. |
+
+The agent writes a credential's files again at its next issuance, renewal, or restart, so a fix made on the device alone is picked up then. To retry right away, run `step-agent doctor --renew`.
+Until a write succeeds, the previous files stay in place, and the agent never writes a file with broader permissions than configured.
+
---
## Getting help