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Split an even quotient over a power of a biquadratic beside another factor in x^2 - #2050

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split-an-even-quotient-over-a-power-of-a-biquadratic-in-x-squared
Oct 22, 2026
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split-an-even-quotient-over-a-power-of-a-biquadratic-in-x-squared

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@Rafael-SOWNet Rafael-SOWNet commented Oct 22, 2026 •

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Part of #233.

  • An even quotient over a power of a biquadratic beside another factor, split in w = x^2. Rubi's 6.1.7 csch(c + d x)/(a - b sinh(c + d x)^4)^2 ran past the corpus's budget. Under w = cosh(c + d x) it is 1/((w^2 - 1)(a - b (w^2 - 1)^2)^2). Partial fractions in x split off the linears of x^2 - 1 and ran the series at their roots over the rest. Its coefficients came to a hundred thousand nodes, with powers like c^40 f^58.
  • The change. In w = x^2 the integrand is 1/((w - 1) Q(w)^2). The split over written factors takes that with a repeated quadratic, and every term is a shape the rules answer at once. SolveAnEvenQuotientOverAPowerOfABiquadraticBesideAnotherFactorInTheSquare splits it so and asks each term in x. While the split is solved, each factor is made monic and its compound coefficients are named. Without naming, a - b (w - 1)^2 took 3 s and 1.4 GB; with it, 0.1 s.
  • Where it applies. Only over a power of a biquadratic with all three terms. Over a power of a + b x^4 the split in x answers at once and in fewer characters. Every other factor must stand once, and the numerator must not vanish at a linear's root. A split past 20,000 nodes declines. The answer is checked by its derivative.
  • The first chain lost eight rows, and that is what the guards are for. Under the tangent, sinh(u)^4/(a - b sinh(u)^4)^2 is w^2 (w - 1)^4/((1 - w)^3 Q^2). Split as written, that was 1.46 million nodes after 22 s. And the numerator's integers had been named, which hid the (w - 1)^6 they make. Each coefficient is now folded before it is named.
Input master ef4150e this branch
6.1.7:285 csch(c + d x)/(a - b sinh(c + d x)^4)^2 past the budget 2,511 characters, 0.07 s
1/((x^2 - 1)(c + d x^2 + f x^4)^2) past 30 s 2,164 characters, 0.09 s
x^2/((x^2 + 1)(c + d x^2 + f x^4)^2) 13,714 characters, 3.8 s, 4.2 GB 2,062 characters, 0.08 s
1.2.2.3:381 1/((d + e x^2)(a + b x^2 + c x^4)^2) 18,154 characters, 10.9 s, 10.8 GB 9,968 characters, 0.9 s, 0.12 GB
the eight 6.1.7 rows sinh(u)^k/(a - b sinh(u)^4)^n answered the same answers, character for character

Chain against master ef4150e, re-run after the guards:

  • The pocket of 3,547 rows went from 3,546 to 3,547 solved. It held every 1.2.2 row, 1.1.3.3, .4 and .6, and 4.1.7, 4.2.7, 6.1.7 and 6.2.7.
  • Every family's sample is unchanged.
  • The one row that moved is 6.1.7:285, run alone: a timeout on master, solved here.
  • 9,151 rows were compared for allocation, and none grew past 1.3x and 300 MB.

The library builds for netstandard2.0, net8.0 and net10.0. The suite is left to CI. The BREAKING-CHANGES lengths were measured on the branch, and the 2.5.0 column on a v2.5.0 build. Rebased onto e30f63f.

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

https://claude.ai/code/session_012sonx8iAspMiwRwokT1Ura

…actor in x^2

1/((x^2 - 1)(c + d x^2 + f x^4)^2) ran past the budget, and so did Rubi's
6.1.7 csch(u)/(a - b sinh(u)^4)^2, which is it under w = cosh(u). Partial
fractions in x split off the linears of x^2 - 1 and ran the series at their
roots over the rest, whose coefficients came to a hundred thousand nodes
with powers like c^40 f^58. Pinned as doubles, each of those evaluated to
NaN, so each was simplified to decide it was not zero, four to eight seconds
apiece. In w = x^2 the same integrand is 1/((w - 1) Q(w)^2), which the split
over written factors takes with a repeated quadratic, and every term of it
is a shape the rules answer at once. An even rational function with a
symbol in it, over a power of a biquadratic of three terms beside another
factor in x^2, is split so, each factor made monic and its compound
coefficients named while the split is solved, and each term asked in x.
Over a power of a + b x^4, without the middle term, the split in x answers
at once and in fewer characters, and is left to it. Every other factor
stands once, and not where the numerator vanishes at a linear's root: under
the tangent Rubi's sinh(u)^4/(a - b sinh(u)^4)^2 is w^2 (w - 1)^4 over
(1 - w)^3 Q^2, and split as written it was 1.46 million nodes after
twenty-two seconds, where the rules that answered it take 0.1. Each
coefficient is folded before it is named, so a number is not a name. A
split past 20,000 nodes declines. Checked by its derivative.

Part of #233.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_012sonx8iAspMiwRwokT1Ura
@Rafael-SOWNet
Rafael-SOWNet force-pushed the split-an-even-quotient-over-a-power-of-a-biquadratic-in-x-squared branch from f6ad95b to 1a834a5 Compare October 22, 2026 04:19
@Rafael-SOWNet

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Added 1.2.2.3:381 1/((d + e x^2)(a + b x^2 + c x^4)^2) to the table and to the BREAKING-CHANGES entry (1a834a5). It is solved on both sides, so the chain's verdict comparison did not list it. Alone, master answers it in 10.9 s and 10.8 GB with 18,154 characters, and this branch in 0.9 s and 0.12 GB with 9,968.

@Rafael-SOWNet
Rafael-SOWNet merged commit 13471c4 into master Oct 22, 2026
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@github-project-automation github-project-automation Bot moved this from Todo to Done in AngouriMath Oct 22, 2026
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