Fix pickling modules with cyclic references

[David-the-happy-piglet]

Serializing a module by value fails with PicklingError: Could not pickle object as excessively deep recursion required when its state refers back to the module, including through circular package imports. Functions referencing such a package also fail to serialize.

Restore module state after construction so pickle can memoize the module before traversing back-references. Keep the existing reconstruction helper and by-reference behavior. Add regressions for self-references, aliases, circular packages and functions using them, including fresh-process round trips with protocols 2, 4 and 5.

Validation on macOS arm64:

• The 12 new regressions fail before the fix and pass afterward.
• CPython 3.12: 278 passed, 10 skipped, 2 xfailed (baseline: 266 passed, 10 skipped, 2 xfailed).
• CPython 3.14: 275 passed, 13 skipped, 2 xfailed.
• PyPy 3.9: 29 selected tests passed.
• Baseline/current payload compatibility checks pass for protocols 2, 4 and 5.
• Pre-commit passes for the changed files. The all-files run reports a pre-existing Black formatting difference in untouched tests/cloudpickle_ipykernel_test.py; that formatting is not included.

Windows, Linux and downstream Dask/Ray suites were not run.